![]() CTLE technology doesn't change for PAM4 signaling. DFE (decision feedback equalization) uses a decision circuit as part of its feedback loop. Using just a feed forward equalizer (FFE) on the TX driver, it is .Analog-DFE-based 16Gb/s SerDes in 40nm CMOS that operates across 34dB loss channels at Nyquist with a baud rate CDR and 1.2V pp voltage-mode driver Abstract: In networking systems today data rates are increasing beyond 15Gb/s and yet the installed backplanes are made of low cost materials with losses in excess of 30dB at 7.5GHz. The system uses equalization at the transmitter, linear equalization and DFE at the receiver. Initially described here is analog circuitry. Take Rambus’s version, for example (Figure 1), showing both transmit (serializer) and receive (deserializer) sections.
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